@article {995,
	title = {Validation of deep learning techniques for quality augmentation in diffusion MRI for clinical studies},
	journal = {NeuroImage: Clinical},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {103483},
	abstract = {<p>The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of deep learning (DL) techniques in improving the quality of diffusion MRI (dMRI) data in clinical applications. The study aims to determine whether the use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods in medical images may result in the loss of critical clinical information and/or the appearance of false information. To assess this, the focus was on the angular resolution of dMRI and a clinical trial was conducted on migraine, specifically between episodic and chronic migraine patients. The number of gradient directions had an impact on white matter analysis results, with statistically significant differences between groups being drastically reduced when using 21 gradient directions instead of the original 61. Fourteen teams from different institutions were tasked to use DL to enhance three diffusion metrics (FA, AD and MD) calculated from data acquired with 21 gradient directions and a b-value of 1000 s/mm<sup>2</sup>. The goal was to produce results that were comparable to those calculated from 61 gradient directions. The results were evaluated using both standard image quality metrics and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) to compare episodic and chronic migraine patients. The study results suggest that while most DL techniques improved the ability to detect statistical differences between groups, they also led to an increase in false positive. The results showed that there was a constant growth rate of false positives linearly proportional to the new true positives, which highlights the risk of generalization of AI-based tasks when assessing diverse clinical cohorts and training using data from a single group. The methods also showed divergent performance when replicating the original distribution of the data and some exhibited significant bias. In conclusion, extreme caution should be exercised when using AI methods for harmonization or synthesis in clinical studies when processing heterogeneous data in clinical studies, as important information may be altered, even when global metrics such as structural similarity or peak signal-to-noise ratio appear to suggest otherwise.</p>
},
	keywords = {Angular resolution, Artificial Intelligence, Deep learning, Diffusion tensor, diffusion MRI, machine learning},
	issn = {2213-1582},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103483},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213158223001742},
	author = {Santiago Aja-Fern{\'a}ndez and Carmen Mart{\'\i}n-Mart{\'\i}n and {\'A}lvaro Planchuelo-G{\'o}mez and Abrar Faiyaz and Md Nasir Uddin and Giovanni Schifitto and Abhishek Tiwari and Saurabh J. Shigwan and Rajeev Kumar Singh and Tianshu Zheng and Zuozhen Cao and Dan Wu and Stefano B. Blumberg and Snigdha Sen and Tobias Goodwin-Allcock and Paddy J. Slator and Mehmet Yigit Avci and Zihan Li and Berkin Bilgic and Qiyuan Tian and Xinyi Wang and Zihao Tang and Mariano Cabezas and Amelie Rauland and Dorit Merhof and Renata Manzano Maria and Vin{\'\i}cius Paran{\'\i}ba Campos and Tales Santini and Marcelo Andrade da Costa Vieira and SeyyedKazem HashemizadehKolowri and Edward DiBella and Chenxu Peng and Zhimin Shen and Zan Chen and Irfan Ullah and Merry Mani and Hesam Abdolmotalleby and Samuel Eckstrom and Steven H. Baete and Patryk Filipiak and Tanxin Dong and Qiuyun Fan and Rodrigo de Luis-Garc{\'\i}a and Antonio Trist{\'a}n-Vega and Tomasz Pieciak}
}
@article {954,
	title = {Moment-based representation of the diffusion inside the brain from reduced DMRI acquisitions: Generalized AMURA},
	journal = {Medical Image Analysis},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {102356},
	abstract = {<p>AMURA (Apparent Measures Using Reduced Acquisitions) was originally proposed as a method to infer micro-structural information from single-shell acquisitions in diffusion MRI. It reduces the number of samples needed and the computational complexity of the estimation of diffusion properties of tissues by assuming the diffusion anisotropy is roughly independent on the b-value. This simplification allows the computation of simplified expressions and makes it compatible with standard acquisition protocols commonly used even in clinical practice. The present work proposes an extension of AMURA that allows the calculation of general moments of the diffusion signals that can be applied to describe the diffusion process with higher accuracy. We provide simplified expressions to analytically compute a set of scalar indices as moments of arbitrary orders over either the whole 3-D space, particular directions, or particular planes. The existing metrics previously proposed for AMURA (RTOP, RTPP and RTAP) are now special cases of this generalization. An extensive set of experiments is performed on public data and a clinical clase acquired with a standard type acquisition. The new metrics provide additional information about the diffusion processes inside the brain.</p>
},
	keywords = {AMURA, Diffusion anisotropy, Fast acquisition, diffusion MRI, white matter},
	issn = {1361-8415},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2022.102356},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361841522000093},
	author = {Aja-Fern{\'a}ndez, Santiago and Pieciak, Tomasz and Mart{\'\i}n-Mart{\'\i}n, Carmen and {\'A}lvaro Planchuelo-G{\'o}mez and de Luis-Garc{\'\i}a, Rodrigo and Trist{\'a}n-Vega, Antonio}
}
